Multiple Sclerosis

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when the body’s immune system attacks its own protective covering of nerve fibers called the myelin sheath. This sheath ensures that the nerves transmit signals quickly and smoothly. When this sheath gets damaged, nerve signals get slowed down, causing various symptoms.

Common Symptoms of MS:

People with MS may experience one or more of the following symptoms:

• Unsteadiness or instability: Trouble maintaining balance or feeling wobbly.
• Vertigo: A sensation of spinning or dizziness. Vertigo may be the first symptoms of MS. 
• Fatigue: Extreme tiredness that doesn’t improve with rest.
• Blurry vision or loss vision: Problems with eyesight, which can sometimes come and go. (fluctuant)
• Clumsiness or coordination problems: Difficulty in performing precise movements.
• Slurred speech: Having trouble speaking clearly.
• Cognitive difficulties: Challenges with memory, focus, or concentration.

Symptoms can vary from person to person and may change over time.

How is MS Diagnosed?

To confirm if someone has MS, doctors use several tests and procedures. These include:

• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):
  • This scan creates detailed images of the brain and spinal cord
  • It helps detect areas of damage (called plaques) caused by MS.
  • The location and number of plaques help determine the stage of the disease.
• Evoked Potential Tests:
  • These tests measure how the brain responds to electrical signals.
  • They involve stimulating nerve pathways (e.g., visual or sensory) and recording brain activity.
• Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture):
  • A small amount of fluid is taken from the spinal cord.
  • Doctors check this fluid for signs of immune system activity, such as specific antibodies linked to MS.
• Videonystagmography (VNG):
  • This test tracks eye movements using infrared cameras.
  • People with MS may show abnormal eye movements, such as:
    • Spontaneous nystagmus: Involuntary jerk of eye movement
    • Ocular flutter: Fast, irregular eye movements.
    • Difficulty holding gaze: Trouble keeping the eyes steady.
    • Nystagmus is triggered by hyperventilation 

Early diagnosis and treatment of MS can help manage the disease and improve quality of life. Consult a healthcare professional for guidance if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms.